In 1866, French chemist M. Berthelot suggested that oil is formed in the bowels of the earth under the influence of carbon dioxide on alkali metals. In 1871, French chemist H. Biasson proposed the idea of the origin of oil, by the interaction of water, CO2, H2S with a hot iron.
In 1892, Vladimir Sokolov stated hypothesis of cosmic origin of oil. Under this hypothesis, the raw material for the emergence of petroleum hydrocarbons were contained in the gaseous envelope of the Earth even during her star status. As the cooling of the Earth absorb hydrocarbons molten magma. Then, with the formation of the earth's crust, the hydrocarbons penetrated the sedimentary rocks in the gas phase, condensed and formed oil. [1]
Mendeleev, who shared the first idea of organic origin, was inclined to believe its origins as a result of reactions occurring in deep water at high temperatures and pressures between the metal carbide and water seeping from the ground. [1] The hypothesis of Mendeleev on the origin of oil from inorganic matter is now only of historical interest.
Soviet scientists Vernadsky been proven exceptional ability of organisms that inhabit our planet, to concentrate in the lithosphere huge carbon stores and the enormous role of the latter in the geological processes. Soviet scientist ND Zelinsky showed that some carbon compounds that make up plants and animals at low temperature and under appropriate conditions can form products, it is similar to the oil on the chemical composition and physical properties. A new stage in the development of the origin of oil was discovered by Soviet scientist T. Ginzburg-Karagicheva in waters Bibi Eybat and Surakhani (Baku) at a depth of 2000 m of living bacteria promoting sulfate reduction. This led to the idea of the great role of microorganisms in the fate of the buried organic matter and oil formed from it. Later, these microorganisms were found in the oil fields of the United States.
Laboratory studies have shown that under the action of the organic matter of gamma radiation produced hydrocarbons with the release of free hydrogen. Thus, the presence of radioactive decay in rocks may lead to the formation of free hydrogen for hydrogenation processes in nature. However, the role of ionizing radiation in the origin of oil still not clear. Soviet geologist IM Gubkin, summarizing the results of studies of the nature of oil, came to the conclusion that the process of its formation is continuous and can not be separated from the processes of formation of deposits in the earth of mineral matter on the scale of clusters. Most favorable for the formation of oil are unstable in the last parts of the earth's crust at the boundary of subsidence and uplift. Strong erosion of land in these areas contributed to the rapid accumulation of rainfall, and hence burial of organic material and lowering it into all the deeper zones of the crust. This is accompanied by a lowering of the growth temperature and increasing pressure, facilitate the process of oil and gas formation, aided and activity of anaerobic bacteria buried. In the areas of the Earth's crust dives under certain conditions, could be deposited layers containing large amounts of organic material, which then became part of the oil-producing and oil source rock. In advanced ridges and troughs in geosynclines all geological ages to create favorable conditions for the formation of oil pools where plant and animal remains, mostly plankton, mixed with inorganic substances, marked the beginning of the formation of rocks, then gave oil. High content of organic material characterized by clay and silt sediments that fill the cavities of the seabed, where the water does not mix any waves or ocean currents and where, consequently, the conditions reducing environment favorable to the preservation of organic material and its subsequent changes and the gradual transformation of the oil.
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